The Evolution of a Big-Box Landscape: A Case Study of the Winnipeg Market
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Towards the end of the 1990s, Winnipeg experienced a dramatic expansion of its inventory of retail space, much of it in the form of big box store and power centre development. The paper begins by exploring a variety of market factors seen as contributing to this expansion. This includes a discussion of the effects of historically low interest tares and a devalued Canadian dollar on Winnipeg consumers. The paper then examines the locational imprint made by the new format retail investment wave. While some greenfield development has occurred, a sizeable majority of the retail space added in the past ten years has served to reinforce the traditional spatial hierarchy of planned shopping centres that emerged during the 1970s and early 1980s. Patterns of population growth and concomitant shifts in the spatial distribution of market income are also considered as explanatory factors for locational choices. The paper concludes with some analysis of how the major components of the traditional hierarchy, namely the regional and super-regional enclosed shopping centres which appear to have acted as magnets for big box store locational choices, have adapted or responded to the arrival of big box shopping. Resumes Vers la findes annees 1990, Winnipeg a vecu une expansion dramatique de son inventaire d'espaces de vente au detail, la majeure partie sous forme de magasins grand format (Big Box) et de developpements de centres de pouvoir. L'article debute en explorant une variete d'elements du marche percus comme contribuant a cette expansion. Ceci comprend une discussion sur les effets des taux d'interet bas comme jamais et de la devaluation du dollar canadien sur les consommateurs de Winnipeg. L'article examine l'empreinte de localisation faite par le nouveau format de vague d'investissements en vente au detail. Alors que certains developpements hors de la ville sont apparus, une grande majorite de l'espace de vente au detail ajoute a travers les dix dernieres annees a servi a renforcir la hierarchie spatiale traditionnelle des centres d'achats planifies qui emergea pendant les annees 1970 et au debut des annees 1980. Les tendances de la croissance de population et les changements concomitants dans la distribution spatiale des revenus du marche sont aussi consideres comme des facteurs expliquant les choix de localisation. L'article conclut avec une analyse de comment les composantes majeures de la hierarchie traditionnelle, principalement les centres d'achats regionaux et supraregionaux qui semblent avoir servi d'aimants pour les choix de localisation des magasins grand format (Big Box), se sont adaptes ou ont repondu a l'arrivee du magasinage de grand format. Introduction During the 1990s, the Canadian retail landscape absorbed a considerable degree of change. The construction of enclosed shopping centres came to a virtual stop. In its place came a wave of big-box store and power centre development that ushered in a distinctively new set of shopping opportunities for consumers (Jones and Doucet 2000; Simmons and Hernandez 2004). Power retailing featured category-killer stores offering significantly greater depth of merchandise than what had been offered in conventionally-sized stores. It also featured an influx of foreign retail capital, especially American capital. Buoyed by the more liberal continental trading regime introduced through the NAFTA and by favourable currency exchange conditions, prominent American retailers began to establish networks of stores across Canada (Evans and Cox 1997; Thorne 2000). This paper examines the imprint on the Winnipeg market of the advent of power retailing. The Winnipeg case is an intriguing one. Of the five Prairie Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs), it is one of the slowest in terms of population growth. Between 1986 and 2002, the Winnipeg CMA population expanded by about 5%. Over the same period, Calgary grew by 30% and Edmonton by 17%. …
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it