Choline and dimethylglycine produce superoxide/hydrogen peroxide from the electron transport chain in liver mitochondria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Here, we report that choline and dimethylglycine can stimulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in liver mitochondria. Choline stimulated O2˙−/H2O2formation at a concentration of 5 μm. We also observed that ComplexIIandIIIinhibitors, atpenin A5 and myxothiazol, collectively induced a 95% decrease in O2˙−/H2O2production indicating both sites serve as the main sources ofROSduring choline oxidation. Dimethylglycine, an intermediate of choline oxidation, was a more effectiveROSgenerator. Rates of production were ~ 43% higher than choline‐mediated O2˙−/H2O2production. The main site for dimethylglycine‐mediatedROSproduction was via reverse electron transfer to Complex I. Our results demonstrate that metabolism of essential metabolites involved in methionine and folic acid biosynthesis can stimulate mitochondrialROSproduction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".