Physiological Effects of Five Herbicides on Wheat Cultivars
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Extended Abstract Herbicides are chemical compounds which used for struggle with weeds to protect the crops in fields. However, it can be harmful to crops sometimes. The aim of this study, to investigate the effects of herbicides on crops. For this purpose five different herbicides applied to wheat cultivars ( Triticum aestivum cvs Adana 99 and Ceyhan 99; Triticum drum cv Selcuklu 97). Seed samples were sterilized in a %3 sodium hypochlorite solution for three minutes and washed several times with distilled water.Then seeds were sown in plastic pots which had 1000 gr soil and 40 seeds per pots.Pots were placed at 24/20 C (day/night) temperature and 16/8 light period (day/night), with a light intesity of 300 μmol/m 2 s, and %60 humidity in a controlled room. Herbicides (2,4D, Derby, Atlantis, Topic, Lintur) were sprayed with a spray gun ( 5000 L/ha volume) in a controlled room (15 0 C) two weeks after germination. Plants were harvested when beginning of tillering three weeks after herbicide application. Pigment, proline (an aminoacide that increase against stress), lipid peroxidation (LP, which degrades membrane integrity), ascorbic acid ( a non-enzymatic antioxidant) and SOD (superoxide dismutase, a antioxidative enzyme that remove reactive oxygen species) analisies were conducted respectively according to Arnon 1949 and Lichtenthaler and Wellburn, 1983; Bates et al. (1973); Hodges et al.,1998; Cakmak and Marshner, 1992. Statistical analysis of data of the application was performed using the software SPSS ® Statistics 20.0 (IBM Corporation, New York, NY, USA). Each parameter was analyzed seperately by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to evaluate the changes in each application. Significant differences (p<0,05) reanalyzed by LSD (Least Significant Difference) to determine which parameter was significantly different from controls. Derby, Topic and Lintur herbicides affected the ascorbic acid content of Adana 99 cultivar negatively. But only Lintur effected ascorbic acid content significiantly according to LSD (p<0,05). It was observed significantly that Topic has negative effect on total chlorophyll, malondialdehyde (MDA; biomarker to measure the level of LP), superoxide dismutase activity and carotenoid content, unlike Topic 2,4D had pozitive effect on carotenoid content . The herbicides exclusive Derby increased prolin content significantly of this cultivar. It was determined that Topic had been the most toxic herbicide for Adana 99 cultivar. In Ceyhan 99 cultivar; Topic and Atlantis affected positively ascorbic acid level (p<0,05). Atlantis decreased carotenoid level and in addition to this increased ascorbic acid content. Topic had riser effect on ascorbic acid and proline concentration.The herbicides had no significant effect MDA and total chlorophyll content. Derby and 2,4D had negative affect on SOD activity. In Selcuklu 97 cultivar Topic had negative effect on ascorbic acid level (p<0,05). All of the herbicides exclusive 2,4D had significant increasing effect on total chlorophyll content. Atlantis and Lintur increased carotenoid level. Derby and Atlantis increased MDA content while whole herbicides decreased SOD activity. Proline was not affected by herbicide applications significantly.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".