Simulation of bounce resonance ULF wave-particle interactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Poloidal mode ultra-low-frequency (ULF) waves with high azimuthal mode number (high-m) are common throughout Earth's magnetosphere. The electric fields in these waves are on the order of tens of millivolts per meter, and are large enough to energize ions and electrons via drift- and drift-bounce wave-particle resonance. In this article, we present full-orbit test-particle simulations of drift-bounce resonance using a numerical model of ULF waves. The model uses a dipole magnetic field and can accommodate a realistic ionosphere with height-resolved Pedersen and Hall conductivity. It is demonstrated that second-harmonic poloidal mode waves can energize ions to tens of keV depending on the wave amplitude. The test-particle simulations also predict ion flux oscillations that have energy dispersion similar to many satellite observations. It will be shown that features in the energy dispersion are in agreement with theoretical considerations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".