Laboratory measurements of static and dynamic bulk moduli in carbonate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite the fact that Carbonate reservoirs contain more than half of the world's oil and gas reserves, they have not received enough attention (Verwer et al. 2008). Carbonate rock derives from a combination of biological and chemical components. This adds complexity and heterogeneity to its structure and petrophysical properties. Thirty eight carbonate samples from Arab formation were used in this study. P- and S-wave velocities were measured in all samples on dry and saturated conditions at different confining pressure. The quasi-static strains of the samples under jacketed and unjacketed conditions were measured simultaneously with the ultrasonic measurements on a subset of twenty three of these. Static bulk mduli obtained from quasi-static measurements are lower than moduli calculated from the ultrasonic measurements. These differences can be related to the differences in the strain amplitude between the two measurements. Despite the porosity variations, a static-dynamic cross plot shows a remarkably consistent trend of the static-dynamic ratio to around 0.5. Grain bulk modulus obtained from the unjacketed tests is between 70 to 75 GPa which is close to the bulk modulus of Calcite reported in the literature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".