Break-up in formation of small bubbles: an energy consideration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The formation of small bubbles in flotation is usually accomplished by the use of frothers, or sometimes is due to the presence of inorganic salts in the process water. The effective mechanism associated with the presence of these solutes is generally considered to be coalescence inhibition. However, recent work has demonstrated that the presence of frothers and salts also reduces the size of bubble at the initial formation stage. In this paper, we adapt the same experimental setup to investigate the time that it takes for a bubble to form; for a known system power input, the energy to form a bubble can then be estimated from the time. The hypothesis is that the presence of frother and salt will reduce the time for a bubble to form, which can be interpreted as an added energy component being derived from the solute. Testing different types and concentrations of frothers and salts, the hypothesis is supported: the mechanical energy required to form a bubble decreases by about 10% in the presence of these solutes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".