8-GHz, 6.6-mW LC-VCO with Small Die Area and FOM of 204 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz Offset
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This letter discusses the design of an 8-GHz LC-tank voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) for use in a receiver chain developed for the Cerro Chajnantor Atacama Telescope Heterodyne Array Instrument. A VCO-optimization approach is proposed that reduces the phase noise (PN) and minimizes the VCO die area. An LC-VCO is realized in a 0.13-μm CMOS technology to validate the design methodology experimentally. The VCO achieves a worst-case PN, within the whole tuning range of 850 MHz, of -131 dBc/Hz at a 1-MHz offset. At 8 GHz the oscillator PN is measured to be -134.3 dBc/Hz at a 1-MHz offset achieving a figure of merit (FOM) of 204 dBc/Hz.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".