Recent expansion of jack pine in peatlands of southeastern Québec: A paleoecological study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) colonization and expansion in ombrotrophic peatlands of the Bas-Saint-Laurent region, southeastern Québec, was analyzed using macrofossil and dendrochronological analyses. During the last 80 years, and mainly between 1920 and 1945, several open peatlands dominated by Sphagnum species were invaded by jack pine following a fire event. This phenomenon appears to have no precedent over the last 8,900 years, at least in one of the study sites. Fires triggered the expansion by eliminating the Sphagnum mat and spreading thousands of pine seeds released by a few individuals. While fires contributed to the expansion of pines in bogs, this phenomenon may have been facilitated by a drier-than-average climatic period during the first part of the 20th century. The fact that dense jack pine stands are now growing on thick organic deposits indicates that this species has a wider ecological tolerance than previously known and/or that the Bas-Saint-Laurent peatlands have recently undergone major ecological and hydrological changes favouring the growth of non-bog species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".