Accumulation and Transport of Roxarsone, Arsenobetaine, and Inorganic Arsenic Using the Human Immortalized Caco-2 Cell Line
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Roxarsone (Rox), an organoarsenic compound, served as a feed additive in the poultry industry for more than 60 years. Residual amounts of Rox present in chicken meat could give rise to potential human exposure to Rox. However, studies on the bioavailability of Rox in humans are scarce. We report here the accumulation and transepithelial transport of Rox using the human colon-derived adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2) model. The cellular accumulation and transepithelial passage of Rox in Caco-2 cells were evaluated and compared to those of arsenobetaine (AsB), arsenite (AsIII), and arsenate (AsV). When Caco-2 cells were exposed to 3 μM Rox, AsB, and AsIII separately for 24 h, the maximum accumulation was reached at 12 h. After 24-h exposure, the accumulated Rox was 6–20 times less than AsB and AsIII. The permeability of Rox from the apical to basolateral side of Caco-2 monolayers was similar to AsV but less than AsIII and AsB. The results of lower bioavailability of Rox are consistent with previous observations of relatively lower amounts of Rox retained in the breast meat of Rox-fed chickens. These data provide useful information for assessing human exposure to and intestinal bioavailability of Roxarsone.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".