Estimation of continuous-time models from sampled data via the bilinear transform
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a new technique for estimating Continuous-Time (CT) Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) models from discrete data. The method uses MOESP to estimate the order and parameters of a Discrete-Time (DT) system. The bilinear transform is then used to calculate an equivalent CT model. This gives rise to process zeros. Extensive simulation studies have demonstrated that there are few process zeros when no noise and quantization are present. However, when quantization and noise are present process zeros always lie above 0.5 times the Nyquist rate. Hence, in converting from DT to CT it is necessary to discard zeros above 0.5 times the Nyquist frequency, to yield an accurate CT model. With two experimental examples the authors demonstrate that method does indeed work.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it