Clutch size and haemoparasite species richness in adult and nestling blue tits
Bibliographic record
Abstract
:Diseases have been recently suggested as a potential cost that parents and offspring pay for an elevated reproductive effort in wild organisms. We investigated the relationship between clutch size and the number of blood parasite species (species richness) infecting adult and nestling blue tits (Parus caeruleus). Four protozoan (Haemoproteus majoris, Leucocytozoon majoris, Hepatozoon parus, and Trypanosoma avium) and one helminth (Microfilariae) species were found infecting adults and two protozoan species (T. avium and L. majoris) were found in nestlings. Females laying larger clutches showed a higher haemoparasite species richness, but infection in male parents was not associated with clutch size. The species richness of haemoparasites per nestling was also positively correlated with clutch size. Both relationships in female and nestling blue tits may be explained in terms of the trade-off between reproduction and number and quality of the progeny. This is the first report of a connection between clutch size and blood parasitemias of their offspring, and it suggests new tools for exploring potential trade-offs among fitness components in wild organisms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".