High frequency photoacoustic spectral analysis of erythrocyte programmed cell death (eryptosis)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Prior to hemolysis, erythrocytes undergo programmed cell death called eryptosis. Eryptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing and phosphatidylserine exposure. The high optical absorption of erythrocytes enables their photoacoustic (PA) detection and characterization. PA spectral analysis has been used to assess morphological changes of erythrocytes (e.g. size/shape). Normal and eryptotic RBCs (induced using sphingomyelinase (SMase)) were suspended on a substrate covered with 1% agarose. The PA signals of individual RBCs illuminated with a 532 nm laser were acquired using three ultrasound transducers with center frequencies of 200, 375 and 900 MHz. Frequency analysis of PA signals were applied to quantify the changes between normal and eryptotic RBCs. The results demonstrated significant changes in the spectral parameters. These parameters correlated to change in the RBC shape from the biconcave to spherical. This study also addressed examined the effects of ultrasound transducer focus on measured spectral parameters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".