Structural and optical properties of TiO<sub>2</sub>–Ge nanoparticles prepared through laser ablation in liquid medium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Quantum dot (QD) composite nanoparticles of titania germanium (TiO2–Ge) were fabricated by pulsed laser ablation of composite targets of TiO2–Ge immersed in deionized water. The single phase crystallanity, lattice parameters, and the evaluation of crystallite size of nanoparticles was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology of the samples was analyzed through scanning electron microscopic studies. The average particle size calculated through XRD and measured through scanning electron microscope is in the range from 18 to 29 nm and are in agreement with each other. Compositional study was carried out through electron dispersive X-ray analysis showing that the ablation rate of Ge is smaller than TiO2. Optical properties were measured by UV–visible transmission spectra and Raman spectroscopy. The band gap of composite particles varies from the UV to the visible range by varying concentration of Ge QDs. This work shows that pulsed laser ablation in liquid media is an easy approach to synthesize ultrafine, contamination-free nanosized material, which is difficult to produce by other conventional methods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".