Factors affecting ground potential rise and fault currents along transmission lines with multi-grounded shield wires
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The multi-grounded shield wire transmission scheme is common within North American utilities. The ground potential rise (GPR) for this transmission scheme is important as it is to be used to develop specifications for systems and component protection. No hand calculation methods for GPR for high voltage transmission line faults exist due to the complexity of the problem itself and vast amount of data input required. Such calculation depends only on computer simulation software, and very limited information has been reported in literature. This paper aims to provide insights to GPR for high voltage transmission line faults by demonstrating quantity values for the very first time through extensive computer simulation using the ATP-EMTP software. A practical design for a 160 km 230 kV single-circuit transmission line with two multi-grounded shield wires is used as a case study in the paper. Different factors affecting GPR and fault current levels in the system are investigated through a sensitivity study. The underlying relationship between parameters is analyzed and summarized based on simulation results, which can be used to assist practicing engineers' design work.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".