Estimating the steganographic capacity of band-limited channels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Steganographic capacity is the maximum amount of data that can be communicated over a channel before a passive adversary's ability to detect the communication reaches a given threshold. In this work, a closed-form expression for the steganographic capacity of low-probability of detection (LPD) systems is derived for real-world communication channels, i.e., continuous, memoryless, and band-limited, when the adversary uses an optimal energy detector to identify the communication. Our derivation of the steganographic capacity is based on approximations for the true probability density functions when covert communication is taking place and when it is not, and we show that the maximum absolute percentage error between the true and approximate density functions is small under LPD conditions, i.e., low signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, we show the results of a case study where we determine the steganographic capacity of a covert-acoustic LPD system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".