Enhanced heavy oil recovery using 1‐Ethyl‐3‐Methyl‐Imidazolium Acetate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
abstract Injecting chemicals in reservoirs is an efficient technique to improve oil recovery. In this study, a promising room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), 1‐Ethyl‐3‐Methyl‐Imidazolium Acetate ([EMIM][Ac]), was injected to enhance the extraction of a heavy oil (14° API) from an unconsolidated sand pack at room conditions. [EMIM][Ac] was mixed with two different synthetic brines (0.1 and 1 mass% NaCl), and injected as a continuous displacing phase to improve heavy oil recovery. The results obtained showed that [EMIM][Ac] is an efficient solvent in the enhancement of the oil recovery factor (RF). The effects of [EMIM][Ac] concentration (C) on the interfacial tension (IFT), surface tension (SFT), zeta potential (ZP), pH, and conductivity (COND) were also investigated. The experimental study clearly demonstrates that [EMIM][Ac] is more efficient in enhancing the recovery of heavy oil than sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), a well‐known commercial surfactant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".