Seismic modeling of fluid substitution in Redwater Reef, Alberta
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study is to analyze and undertake seismic modeling of CO2 saturation of the Devonian Leduc reservoir characterization at the Redwater reef by using Gassmann fluid substitution seismic modeling. This method was applied to the available wells inside the reef. Zero-offset synthetics were created for these wells before and after fluid substitution. A distinct P-wave velocity decrease occurs from 0% to about 40% of CO2 saturation. From around 40% to 100% of CO2 saturation, the P-wave velocity starts increasing slightly, while the S-wave velocity increases almost linearly with the CO2 saturation increase. There are slight changes in amplitudes between the wet in-situ reservoir reflections and the fluid substitution modeling reflections of Leduc formation. A time shift is observed at the base of the Leduc reservoir. The maximum time shift at the base of the Leduc reservoir and the highest amplitude difference changes are recognized at around 40% of CO2 saturations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".