Spatial Scale, Genetic Structure, and Speciation of Hawaiian Endemic Yeasts 1
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two Hawaiian endemic yeast species, Metschnikowia hawaiiensis and Metschnikowia hamakuensis, were examined by means of multilocus characterization. In spite of their narrow range of distribution, restricted to the island of Hawai‘i, both species were found to be polymorphic at several loci. Alleles of different loci were distributed independently within local populations, confirming that sexual reproduction prevails among these facultatively asexual organisms. No alleles were shared across species, confirming their reproductive isolation. Although the sample size for the northern species, M. hamakuensis, is much less (N = 7) than that for its southern relative, M. hawaiiensis (N = 161), their genetic diversity is comparable. Genetic differentiation was detected in M. hawaiiensis populations at both regional (ca. 30–40 km) and local (ca. 1 km) scales. A single isolate recovered in a separate locality exhibited considerable allelic divergence from others, indicating that genetic isolation can occur over relatively short distances and suggesting a first step towards cessation of gene flow, which is required for speciation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".