Performance evaluation of SensL SiPM arrays for high-resolution PET
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) have high gain, excellent timing performance, and are well suited to PET/MRI applications due, in part, to their MR-compatibility and small form factor. Within the constraints of a resistor-based multiplexing circuit, it is useful to evaluate the four generations of SiPM arrays manufactured by SensL: the SPMArray4, ArraySL-4, ArraySM-4, and ArraySB-4. Breakdown voltage and dark current were measured as a function of temperature in two each of the four generations of SensL SiPM arrays. Flood histograms were created with a <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">68</sup> Ge-irradiated 9×9 LYSO crystal array at temperatures of 5 °C to 45 °C in 5 °C increments and overvoltages of 2 to 4 V in 0.5 V increments. Measurements of dark current vs. bias voltage increased as temperature increased, with a corresponding increase in the breakdown voltage, V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> . The temperature dependence of V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> is similar between all four generations of SiPM arrays with slopes ranging from 17.0 to 23.8 mV/°C. Notably, the ArraySB-4 has lower values for the breakdown voltage, with V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">b</sub> = 24 V at 0 °C. Mean energy resolution for individual LYSO crystals showed improvements in each successive generation. The average energy resolution of the ArraySB-4 was 11.9% after correcting for non-linearity in the SiPM pixels. The linearity of the SensL SiPM arrays as a function of temperature and breakdown voltage makes them a suitable choice for a high-resolution, small animal PET/MRI system. Based on its improved resolvability and energy resolution, lower sensitivity to temperature and higher PDE, the ArraySB-4 will be used in our PET system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".