L’informalisation de la violence physique légitime : le Sénégal à l’épreuve des milices islamiques
Bibliographic record
Abstract
La prolifération des milices islamiques, leur armement et leur propension à faire usage de la violence physique, en marge des procédures formelles, constitue l’une des manifestations de l’informalisation de la violence physique légitime au Sénégal. Quelles que soient leurs formes, ces milices ne sont pas complètement hors de portée du pouvoir politique. Ce dernier tente de les contrôler politiquement. Le pouvoir transforme les miliciens en auxiliaires de la sécurité publique, de façon permanente ou ponctuelle. Il mobilise les miliciens pour s’attaquer à des opposants, citoyens ou militants politiques, tout en leur assurant une impunité. Les actions des milices peuvent produire des effets politiques indésirables, qui appellent une réponse vigoureuse de la part du pouvoir. Les contestations qui menacent l’autorité politique sont ainsi durement réprimées.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".