Technical Challenges in Narrow-Gap Root Pass Welding during Tandem and Hybrid Laser-Arc Welding of a Thick Martensitic Stainless Steel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As part of a collaborative program to develop advanced manufacturing processes for next-generation hydraulic turbines, this study investigated the technological challenges for joining 25-mm thick martensitic stainless steel (MSS) plates using tandem and hybrid laser-arc welding. Although candidate materials for the intended application typically include wrought AISI 415 and cast CA6NM, a martensitic 410 stainless steel (SS) was especially selected in this study due to its greater crack sensitivity. A narrow-gap groove was designed to minimize the amount of 410NiMo filler metal required to fill the groove using a multi-pass single-sided welding technique. All the welding trials were performed using a 5.2 kW fiber laser. The root-pass quality was characterized in terms of weld bead geometry, defects and microstructure. The main technical challenges observed for the root pass were lack of penetration, lack of fusion and cracking, as detailed in this work.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".