Bibliographic record
Abstract
The sound /s/ in English is gender differentiating: women tend to produce a variant of /s/ with higher spectral mean frequency than men (Fox & Nissen, 2005; Stuart-Smith et al., 2007). The gender marking cue inherent in /s/ frication is perceptually salient (Munson et al., 2006; Strand & Johnson, 1996), but prior research has focused exclusively on adults. The current study aims to identify the developmental course of the perception of speaker gender when hearing isolated segments of fricative /s/. Sixty children and adolescents from three age groups (7~8 years; 10-11 years; and 13-14 years) participated in the study. They were asked to listen to a series of /s/ segments and identity speakers’ gender for each sound by clicking on a female’s or a male’s face on the screen. Our results indicate the developmental change in adolescents in the accuracy of gender perception and their association with the primary gender-marking cue in /s/ frication when comparing with the two younger groups of children. This study suggests that speech perception, particularly the type of perceptual knowledge related to socio-indexical aspects, can continue to develop beyond school years.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".