Papaverine‐sensitive phosphodiesterase activity is measured in bovine spermatozoa
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ) plays a crucial role as a signaling molecule for capacitation, motility, and acrosome reaction in mammalian spermatozoa. It is well‐known that cAMP degradation by phosphodiesterase ( PDE ) enzyme has a major impact on sperm functions. This study was undertaken to characterize cAMP ‐ PDE activity in bovine spermatozoa. Total cAMP ‐ PDE activity in cauda epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa was 543.2 ± 49.5 and 1252.6 ± 86.5 fmoles/min/10 6 spermatozoa, respectively. Using different family‐specific PDE inhibitors, we showed that in cauda epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa, the major cAMP ‐ PDE activity was papaverine‐sensitive (44.5% and 57.5%, respectively, at 400 n m , papaverine is a specific inhibitor of the PDE 10 family). These data are supporting the functional presence of PDE 10 in bovine spermatozoa and were further confirmed by western blot to be PDE 10A. Using immunocytochemistry, we showed immunoreactive signal for PDE 10A present on the post‐acrosomal region of the head and on the flagella of ejaculated spermatozoa. Using papaverine, we showed that it promotes tyrosine phosphorylation of sperm proteins, phosphorylation of Erk1 and Erk2, and Ca 2+ release from Ca 2+ store. These results suggest that PDE 10 is functionally present in bovine spermatozoa and is affecting different molecular events involved in capacitation, most probably by cAMP local regulation.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it