Bibliographic record
Abstract
likely to be more learned and wiser in council than the men who sustained the same relation to village churches ; and this superiority being silently recog- nized by the smaller churches, these men gained easily and naturally an ascendancy over all the churches near to their own city.It was only a moral superi- ority, but in one century the pastor who exercised an advisory oversight of a number of churches was dis- tinguished as a bishop, from a presbyter whose attention was given exclusively to one congregation.The distinction was known at a date so early, but it was not then universal.Now, underlying this distinction is another, which had been quietly growing up, that is, a defining line between the clergy and the laity.The clergy have risen up out of the laity, and have become a separate class.They have come to be regarded as filling a sacred office, while the laity are secular.The ideas involved in this division were growing simultaneously with those which created a division of the clergy into different ranks.Then with the recognition of the clergy as essenti- ally distinct from the laity, would come the notion of ordination as a designation to an office, as well as the creation of a distinct order.Then the moral ascen- dancy of one clergyman over another, at first tacitly acknowledged, would easily become a claim to be so recognized as a right.One step further on we have the fully developed Pope-supreme in matters temporal as well as spiritual.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.044 | 0.019 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".