Do COPD patients with only mild-to-moderate airflow obstruction present with endothelial dysfunction?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease, a finding that might be mechanistically linked to systemic endothelial dysfunction. In fact, coexistent cardiovascular disease is a major cause of disability and death in COPD patients with only mild-to-moderate airflow obstruction. It remains unknown, however, whether these patients may present with systemic endothelial dysfunction. Methods: We measured flow mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery (BA) in 10 COPD patients (7 with FEV1 > 80% predicted, 6 females) and 13 age- and gender-matched sedentary controls. Results: COPD patients had lower FMD compared to controls (4.0±2.9% vs 5.2±2.6%, P=0.11) which was further amplified when normalized for reactive hyperemia induced shear rate (SR=BA blood velocity/BA diameter) (0.0008±0.0003%/SR vs 0.00155±0.008%/SR, P=0.029). The time to peak FMD diameter was significantly delayed in COPD patients compared to controls (71±23s vs 44±8s, P=0.01). These abnormalities, however, were not associated with severity of airflow obstruction (P>0.05). Conclusion: Impairments in systemic endothelial function precede large reductions in FEV1 in patients with COPD. These findings might hold clinical implications for cardiovascular risk stratification and early treatment in this patient population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".