Government Reactions to Rural Famines in Three Consecutive Ethiopian Regimes, 1880s–1991: A Comparative Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Famines and starvations of rural peasantries were persistent for centuries in Ethiopian history. This article focuses on government reactions to such famines that occurred from the last decades of the 19th to the last quarter of the 20th centuries in Ethiopia. About three great famines and starvations took place in the country during those decades. The main objective of this study was to assess the nature of government reactions to rural famines during the three consecutive regimes (the last decades of the 19th to the last quarter of the 20th centuries) in comparison to one another. A number of archival sources, the direct products of the time, and other primary sources were consulted and analysed. Results showed that the reactions of the respective governments during those famines had been far from satisfactory; and were even deteriorating from the said had been better in the late 19th century to the worst in the 1970s and 1980s. Keywords : Rural famine, government reaction, resource allocation, relief and rehabilitation, re-settlement and migration
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".