Influence of clear speech on voice onset time and intelligibility of word-initial stop consonants in electrolaryngeal speech
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study addressed the influence of clear speech (CS) on voice onset time (VOT) and intelligibility of word-initial (WI) stops in electrolaryngeal (EL) speech. Eighteen consonant-vowel-consonant words containing /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, and /g/ in WI position were spoken by 10 laryngectomees in both habitual speech (HS) and clear speech (CS) conditions. Twelve, naive listeners transcribed a total of 4,320 words across HS and CS conditions of which 720 words (containing WI stops) were analyzed. Results indicate that when using CS, EL speakers produced stops with ~4 milliseconds of greater lag time compared to HS. Further, the intelligibility of WI stops improved 3.8% during CS. Finally, listeners omitted 2.22% more stops in WI position when using HS compared to CS. However, repeated measures analysis of variance revealed no significant effect of speaking condition on VOT or the intelligibility of stops. Collectively, these findings provide initial evidence that volitional attempts to make EL speech clearer via CS does not necessarily facilitate improved VOT or intelligibility for EL speakers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".