Saudi Arabia Confronts with Water Scarcity: An Insight
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is being considered as a semi-arid or arid region and its available water resources are limited. Growth of population, development of economic regions, climate change (Global warming), poor awareness of how to optimally use and save water, use of conventional water resources like ground water or rains, in addition to the use of traditional methods of irrigation, all increase the water demand. Based on Human Development Report (2006), 1700 m /ca.year and 1000 m /ca.year are the limits of 33 water stress and water shortage/scarcity respectively. This paper focuses on the problem of water shortage in KSA along with the contemplation of the integrated solutions or the efforts exerted by the government represented by the Water and Electricity Ministry (WEM-SA) to minimize the gap between water supply and demand. The paper identifies some of the principal causes of the water shortage in KSA, discusses the current situation of water supply and demand and presents some essential elements of reasonable, cooperative and sustainable water solutions. Water is being considered as one of the basic and countries get a lot more than others creating a sense of imperative needs of the human beings to such an extent scarcity in the less fortunate ones. Some countries like that without it life is impossible to think of. That is why till Brazil and Canada, receive far more water than they can now it is being believed and realized that the only planet use while some other places such as countries in the in the whole universe where life is existent is the Earth Middle East, get much less than they require (3) thus because of the availability of water. It is this planet which creating a sense of water scarcity in these countries. is regarded as the blue planet because of its composition. Almost 75% of the earth's surface is composed of water. General Water Situation in Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia It is being considered as one of the most abundant is one such country which is regarded as the largest resources on the face of the Earth covering nearly three arid country in the Middle East region, covering nearly fourth of the planet's surface but 97% of its water is saline 2.24 million km of the Arabian Peninsula. It has limited forming the oceans. Most of the remainder is held up in water supplies to fulfill the water demand of the country's the Antarctic ice caps or deep underground aquifers hard population. The surface water is very much limited due to to access, leaving behind just less than 1% available for the low precipitation and high evaporation rates along human use in the form of accessible freshwater lakes with the absence of perennial rivers, streams or lakes. and rivers; out of which lakes contain most of it (1-3). According to Abdulrazzak, (4) the annual rainfall in Saudi If properly managed and utilized this small seeming Arabia in 1990 was around 75 mm/ year, in the same time proportion would be sufficient to serve the basic supply the annual evaporation was in-between 3500 and 4500 of water to human kind because Almighty God has not mm/year, which represents ratio of evaporation to rainfall put us to the shortage of water as it is infinitely renewable in average more than 50. Rainfall is also highly irregular. resource but the supply is finite and the distribution of At one period of time it rains sufficiently high and at other water to go round: the problem is that some blessed
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".