Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Purebred Dairy Cattle Association Dairy Cow Unified Scorecard assigns 25% of weight to the dairy strength category, which is described as “a combination of dairyness and strength that supports sustained production and longevity.” Stronger cattle are assumed by many breeders to have longer herd-life, but data from several studies suggest otherwise. In a 2003 study, relative culling risks (RCR) were assigned based on strength scores (1 = weak to 50 = strong) from 268,008 Jersey cows. A score of 25 equated to a RCR of 1.00. RCR values below or above 1.00 indicated low or high culling risks, respectively. Scores from 11 to 20 were optimal, whereas cows with a score of 41 to 45 were at most risk of being culled (RCR = 1.30). A similar analysis was performed in a study of 891,524 Holstein cows (Caraviello et. al., 2003; 2004), and strength scores higher than 25 were associated with significantly elevated RCR. These two studies indicate that “stronger” cattle have greater culling risk, which may partially be attributed to unfavorable associations with disease. Genetic correlations of strength with displaced abomasum, ketosis, mastitis, and cystic ovaries indicated that selection for strength would elevate disease risks (Zwald et. al., 2004). A 2015 analysis (Dechow) compared chest width and body condition score (BCS) in Canadian Holstein genetic evaluations with the Canadian dairy strength trait and U.S. productive life (PL) and daughter pregnancy rate (DPR). In this study, 527 bulls with Canadian and U.S. daughters were divided into groups based on chest width and BCS. Sires that transmitted wide chests and low BCS had the highest dairy strength scores (+9.5), followed by wide chest and average BCS sires (+6.5). These groups had the lowest PL (–2.5 and –1.6 mo, respectively) and DPR (–2.75% and –1.6%, respectively). In contrast, sires that transmitted narrow chests and high BCS scored lowest for dairy strength (–5.5), highest for PL (+1.1 mo), and highest for DPR (+0.4%). Therefore, high scores for strength suggest decreased longevity and reproductive efficiency. This counterintuitive relationship of dairy strength with health and survival may result from poorly defined measures of strength in linear scoring programs; cows with extremely low BCS have minimal muscle mass but are still considered to have high dairy strength if they have a wide skeletal system. Dairy producers should take caution when breeding for strength.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".