Testable Criterion Establishes the Three Inherent Universal Constants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since the late 19th century, differing views have appeared on the nature of fundamental constants, how to identify them, and their total number. This concept has been broadly and variously interpreted by physicists ever since with no clear consensus. There is no analysis in the literature, based on specific criteria, for establishing what is or is not an inherent universal constant. The primary focus here is on constants describing a relation between at least two of the base quantities mass, length and time. This paper presents a testable criterion to identify these unique constants of our local universe. The value of a constant meeting these criteria can only be obtained from experimental measurement. Such constants set the scales of these base quantities that describe, in combination, the observable phenomena of our universe. The analysis predicts three such constants, uses the criterion to identify them, while ruling out Planck’s constant and introducing a new physical constant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.069 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".