Polityka państwa polskiego wobec roszczeń zagranicznych powstałych w wyniku nacjonalizacji przeprowadzonej po II wojnie światowej. Przykład dwustronnych umów odszkodowawczych
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article takes up a topic rarely covered in Polish political science. During the period 1948–1971 the Polish Government signed 12 bilateral indemnity agreements with Western European states as well as the United States of America and Canada. These agreements applied to property and financial interests of foreign natural and legal persons that, following World War II, were nationalized in Poland. The Polish Government entered into these agreements mostly for economic (e.g. strengthening of export incl. hard coal, demand for capital) and political reasons (threat of international isolation). Based on these agreements, the Polish Government transferred to the governments of foreign states lump-sum compensations to settle their claims. Countries which entered into these agreements with Poland assumed full responsibility for setting up claiming procedure as well as for the payment of compensation to their citizens. Thanks to indemnification agreements Poland is released from any obligation under international law for the nationalization of property and financial interests that belonged to foreign citizens of these countries.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".