Investigating Overdensities around z > 6 Galaxies through ALMA Observations of [C ii]
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We present a search for companion [C ii] emitters to known luminous sources at 6 < z < 6.5 in deep, archival ALMA observations. The observations are deep enough to detect sources with at z ∼ 6. We identify three new robust line detections from a blind search of five deep fields centered on ultraluminous infrared galaxies and QSOs. We calculate the volume density of companions and find a relative overdensity of and when comparing to current observational constraints and theoretical predictions, respectively. These results suggest that the central sources may be highly biased tracers of mass in the early universe. We find these companion lines to have comparable properties to other known galaxies at the same epoch. All companions lie less than 650 km s−1 and between 25 and 60 kpc (projected) from their central source. To place these discoveries in context, we employ a mock galaxy catalog to estimate the luminosity function for [C ii] during reionization and compare to our observations. The simulations support this result by showing a similar level of elevated counts found around such luminous [C ii] sources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".