Morphology and stomatal density of developing <i>Arceuthobium americanum</i> (lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe) fruit: a qualitative and quantitative analysis using environmental scanning electron microscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm., the lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe, is a dioecious parasitic flowering plant infecting lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta subsp. latifolia (Engelm.) Critchfield) in the Pacific Northwest, compromising timber value by stunting the host’s growth. The plant disperses its seeds by explosive discharge, and thus understanding its reproduction is an integral step toward managing its spread. The life cycle of Arceuthobium americanum occurs over five to six years, and the fruit matures over two consecutive growing seasons, dispersing in the second. Using low-vacuum environmental scanning electron microscopy (eSEM), we examined branching architecture as well as the morphology and anatomy of fruits during their second year of development up to explosive discharge. We found that branching patterns shifted from opposite-decussate to verticillate after several years’ growth. In addition, the perianth parts (sepals), style, and stigma persisted through the season, and the fruit’s abscission zone developed slightly distal to the end of the pedicel. Stomata, found only on the sepals, were located in crypts surrounded by two subsidiary cells, and stomatal density significantly decreased during development. The decline in stomatal density along with the thick pericarp cuticle may function in retaining water inside the fruit to facilitate discharge and (or) provide a heating mechanism through reduced transpiration.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".