Глобальная природоохранная гипотеза, создавшая глобальный кризис в выборе хладагентов. Часть 1

In the second part of our article, using legal, chemical and technological, and environmental analysis in the framework of system approach, we discuss implications of the adoption the Vienna Convention for the Protection of Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol, based on which the ban on the use of technologically important materials have been introduced. We show, in the Montreal Protocol, there is no Terms of Reference (TOR) for advanced materials, which could be alternative refrigerants. Meanwhile, such a document is required for search and creation of replacement of banned chemical agents. It is the absence of TOR was the cause of intractable problems, which resulted in penetration of surrogate refrigerants hazardous to human and environment into the market, as well as the exhaustion of natural resources of fluorine. We conclude it is possible to overcome resource, legislative and technical crises, to use two options: (i) domestic refrigerant Chladone-510, synthesized in 1990s, (ii) freons extracted from the fumarole gas of extinct volcanoes. These are substances of natural origin, they do not destroy the natural balance, and therefore are not prohibited neither Montreal or the Kyoto Protocol nor the 1985 Vienna Convention. Montreal Protocol; Terms of Reference; raw fluorine; alternative refrigerants; fumarole gases Barabanov V.G., Blinova O.V., Zotikov V.S., Lizgunov S.A., Orlov A.P., Orlov G.D., Rusanov V.B., Samoilenko V.I., Trukshin I.G., Tselikov V.N. Ozone-friendly Alternatives and Substitutes. Propellants, Refrigerants, Blowing Agents, Solvents, Flame Retardants. St. Petersburg: Khimizdat Publisher, 2003. (In Russian). Bykov A.V., Kalnin I.M., Sapronov V.I. Program of Transition to Ozone Safe Refrigerants. Cooling Technology 10 (1991): 2–5. (In Russian). СРМР Result of the Coordinated Review of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane HFA 134a Meeting of 12–13 July 1994. Brussels, 13 July, 1994. Dmitry Medvedev: “The Kyoto Protocol is Necessary To Replace by Agreement”. Ecology. N.p., 15 Feb. 2013. Web. . (In Russian). Galkin N.P., Krutikov A.B. Fluorine Technology. Moscow: Atomizdat Publisher, 1968. (In Russian). Government of Russian Federation. Resolution no. 228, dated 24 March 2014 “On Measures of State Regulation of Consumption and Circulation of Substances that Deplete Ozone Layer”. Russian Government. Government of Russian Federation, 24 March 2014. PDF-file. . (In Russian). Haywood R.W. Analysis of Engineering Cycles: Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Series. Moscow: Energiya Publisher, 1979. (In Russian). Isidorov V.A. Organic Chemistry of Atmosphere. Leningrad: Khimiya Publisher, (In Russian). Khazanova N.E. Azeotropism Systems at High Pressures. Moscow: Khimiya Publisher, 1978. (In Russian). Kondrashov V.A., Radilov A.S., Shkaeva I.E., Alekseev L.L., Wheat G.V. Toxic Properties and Exposure Zone of some Ozone-Friendly Freons. Toxicological Herald 3 (1996): 25–28. (In Russian). Kostyanovsky R.G. Catenates and Clathrates. Moscow: Znanie Publisher, 1966. (In Russian). Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. UN Official Website. UN, n.d. Web. . (In Russian). Lyutova M. Russia Withdraws from the Kyoto Protocol. Vedomosti [Gazette] [Moscow] 10 Dec. 2012. Web. . (In Russian). Mazurin I.M. Mixture for Refrigerating Machines. Patent of Russian Federation no. 2057779. Classification S09K, 5/04. Priority of 29 Sep. 1993. Russian Patents. N.p., n.p. Web. . (In Russian). Mazurin I.M., Galeev V.B., Yalimova E.I. Results of Comparative Tests of Domestic Chladone-510 and Chladone-22. Modern Refrigeration Technology and Equipment for Agribusiness Industries, Trade and Transport: Proceedings of Scientific and Practical Conference (Moscow, 6–8 June 2000). Moscow: All-Russian Research Institute of Refrigeration Industry Publisher, 2000, pp. 62–64. (In Russian). Mazurin I.M., Korolev A.F., Gerasimov R.L., Mazurin D.I. System Crisis in a Choice of Working Bodies for Power Installations. Electronic Scientific Edition Almanac Space and Time 2.1 (2013). Web. . (In Russian). McLinden М.О., Didion D.A. Thermophysical-Property Needs for the Environmentally Acceptable Halocarbon Refrigerants. Int. Jour. Thermophys. 10.3 (1983):563–575. Sanitary Rules and Norms SANPIN 2.3.2.560-96 “Hygienic Requirements for Quality and Safety of Food Raw Materials and Food Products.” Approved by Decree of the State Committee of the Russian Federation no. 27, dated 24 Oct. 1996. As Amended on 13 Jan. 2001. Food Service: Information Website. N.p., n.d. Web. . (In Russian). Symonds R.B., Rose W.I., Reed M.H. Contribution of Cl- and F-bearing Gases to the Atmosphere by Volcanoes. Nature 334 (1988): 415–418. Syvorotkin V.L. Earth Degassing and Ozone Layer Depletion. Priroda [The Nature] 9 (1993): 35–45. (In Russian). Syvorotkin V.L. Twenty Five Years of Hydrogen Theory of Ozone Depletion, or Alternative to the Montreal Protocol. Space and Time 3 (2015): 304–312. (In Russian). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). FDA CDER October 1998 Draft Guidance for Industry. Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) and Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) Products-Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls Documentation, 5 Nov. 1998. PDF-file. . Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. Adopted 22 March 1985. Official Website of United Nations. UN, n.d. Web. . (In Russian). Mazurin, M., A. F. Korolev, E. F. Utkin, and R. L. Gerasimov. Global Environmental Hypothesis Generated Three Crises. Part I. Space and Time 4 (2015): 233–244. (In Russian). Fixed network address 2226-7271provr_st4-22.2015.101.

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