Protection of Shareholders Minority in Joint Stock Company Pursuant to Jordan Companies Law
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Joint Stock Company has its role in motivating the economical development of the state. In order to fulfill such role, balancing shall be achieved between Majority and Minority rights or at least restricting the majority arbitrariness in terms of decision making. Such arbitrariness means bringing the investors away from investments in such types of companies which shall, indeed, have its negative influence on the national economy. The laws and Jordanian companies' law in particular, paid specific attention in terms of minority rights protection, and in the same time recognize its existence, its right to participate in decision making and also to practice control over the majority who manage and run the company's affairs. Indeed, we cannot ignore the fact that Jordanian legislator tried much to correspond between majority and minority rights or at lease protect the minority rights. In spite of such efforts, we still witness more problems that hinder such issue. From this point this study came to clarify much of such rights, presenting and analyzing thereof in a way that enable the investor to practice in a way to achieve desired interests.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".