The Rest-frame Optical (900 nm) Galaxy Luminosity Function at z ∼ 4–7: Abundance Matching Points to Limited Evolution in the M<sub>STAR</sub>/M<sub>HALO</sub> Ratio at z ≥ 4
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We present the first determination of the galaxy luminosity function (LF) at z ∼ 4, 5, 6, and 7, in the rest-frame optical at (z′ band). The rest-frame optical light traces the content in low-mass evolved stars (∼stellar mass—M *), minimizing potential measurement biases for M *. Moreover, it is less affected by nebular line emission contamination and dust attenuation, is independent of stellar population models, and can be probed up to z ∼ 8 through Spitzer/IRAC. Our analysis leverages the unique full-depth Spitzer/IRAC 3.6–8.0 μm data over the CANDELS/GOODS-N, CANDELS/GOODS-S, and COSMOS/UltraVISTA fields. We find that, at absolute magnitudes where is fainter than mag, linearly correlates with . At brighter , presents a turnover, suggesting that the stellar mass-to-light ratio could be characterized by a very broad range of values at high stellar masses. Median-stacking analyses recover an roughly independent on for mag, but exponentially increasing at brighter magnitudes. We find that the evolution of the LF marginally prefers a pure luminosity evolution over a pure density evolution, with the characteristic luminosity decreasing by a factor of between z ∼ 4 and z ∼ 7. Direct application of the recovered generates stellar mass functions consistent with average measurements from the literature. Measurements of the stellar-to-halo mass ratio at fixed cumulative number density show that it is roughly constant with redshift for . This is also supported by the fact that the evolution of the LF at can be accounted for by a rigid displacement in luminosity, corresponding to the evolution of the halo mass from abundance matching.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".