Bibliographic record
Abstract
Paint films with uniform thicknesses (∼1 mm) were applied on glass substrates using a model paint consisting of a resin dissolved in butanol. Small air bubbles were introduced into the liquid, and test samples were cured in a natural convection oven. Bubbles in paint grew larger as the evaporating solvent diffused into them. Photographs of the liquid film surfaces were taken during drying, and the distance between bubbles was measured. Bubbles were observed to move toward each other and form clusters. When a vertical surface was introduced into the liquid film, bubbles moved toward the surface if the liquid–solid contact angle θ < 90° but moved away if θ > 90°. A floating bubble or hydrophilic surface creates an upward curving liquid meniscus near itself so that neighboring bubbles experience buoyancy forces that drive them up the rising liquid surface. A hydrophobic surface creates a downward-curving meniscus, so that bubbles move away from it. Bubble motion was modeled using an analysis of the shape of liquid meniscus and buoyancy forces acting on floating bubbles.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".