Prohexadione-calcium, ethephon, trinexapac-ethyl and maleic hydrazide reduce extension shoot growth of apple
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Prohexadione-calcium (P-Ca) is widely used to reduce vegetative growth and labour costs associated with manual pruning. Orchard studies were conducted in 2012 and 2013 to determine the response of mature ‘Empire’/M.26 apple trees to individual or combined applications of P-Ca, ethephon (ETH), trinexapac-ethyl (TE), and maleic hydrazide (MH). Sprays were repeated three times at approximately 2-wk intervals starting at petal fall. All compounds reduced extension shoot growth, ranging from 40%–73% in 2012 and 26%–57% in 2013, relative to untreated controls. The greatest reduction in growth was achieved with ETH in one year and P-Ca + ETH and MH in another. The tank-mixed combination of P-Ca + ETH improved vegetative control compared with each compound applied alone. MH caused foliar phytotoxicity and damage to the apical meristem, resulting in the stimulation of lateral shoot growth. Reduction in shoot growth from any of the plant bioregulators (PBR) did not reduce dormant pruning times in the spring following application. Total and marketable fruit yield was unaffected by the PBRs, although applications of MH resulted in a significantly higher number of fruit per tree and crop load but a lower mean fruit weight and percent marketable fruit.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".