Characterization of the Gas and Liquid Conductivity of an Aboveground, Commercial‐Scale Sulfur Block
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Elemental sulfur (S 0 ) is commonly stored in aboveground blocks formed by pouring molten S 0 in thin lifts. The long‐term storage of S 0 blocks is a potential source of high acidity effluent as a result of the oxidation of S 0 to H 2 SO 4 , resulting in effluent waters with low pH and elevated SO 4 2− concentrations. These blocks are currently managed during operations within a secure, engineered, containment facility. Characterization of the accessibility of the S 0 block to O 2 and water ingress is required to fully understand the generation of H 2 SO 4 within the block. The O 2 and water ingress are defined by the gas ( K g ) and liquid ( K l ) conductivity of the S 0 block. We present the results of in situ gas pumping tests in vertical and angled boreholes conducted on an aboveground S 0 block to determine K g within the block and to indirectly determine K l . The K g test results showed that the block is highly conductive in both the horizontal (geometric mean = 2.3 × 10 −4 m s −1 ) and vertical (geometric mean = 1.7 × 10 −5 m s −1 ) directions and heterogeneous with respect to K g . Results of the cross‐hole tests were considered to yield more representative estimates of bulk K g than single‐well tests because cross‐hole tests are relatively insensitive to high head loss associated with turbulent flow conditions that develop near the borehole. In addition, numerical modeling of cross‐hole test data provided insight into the anisotropic nature of K g of the S 0 block. Corresponding values of anisotropic K l computed from K g were 2.6 × 10 −3 m s −1 (horizontal) and 1.9 × 10 −4 m s −1 (vertical). Given that S 0 blocks are constructed in a similar manner throughout the world, the results of this study should be generally applicable to other S 0 blocks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".