Efficiency of Heavy Oil/Bitumen Recovery from Fractured Carbonates by Hot-Solvent Injection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper presents an extensive analysis solvent injection at elevated temperatures to recover heavy- oil/bitumen from fractured carbonates. Three different solvents (propane, heptane and distillate oil - naphtha) were injected at different temperatures representing a wide range of carbon number. Indiana limestone (outcrop) and vuggy naturally fractured carbonate samples (outcrop core samples from a producing formation in Mexico) were selected as core samples. Hot solvent was injected continuously through artificially fractured cores followed by hot water (or steam injection) phase. The optimal temperatures for heavy oil recovery and solvent retrieval, in the subsequent hot water injection, for each kind of rock sample and type of solvent were determined. The results revealed that heavy oil recovery increase with the solvent carbon number used. Also, it was observed that when the temperature is higher than the saturation value for the given pressure curve, the recovery decreases and the lightest component of the heavy oil are dragged by the gas stream.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".