Boiling Shocks and Self-Oscillations in Critical Nozzle Flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Experiments on the depressurization of high-pressure vessels have shown the vaporization to occur in ‘boiling shocks’ moving with the velocity of ∼10 m s−1. This phenomenon was explained by proposing a boiling liquid model accounting for bubble fragmentation. It was shown that an explosive boiling-up was caused by a sharp increase in the interphase area due to a chain process of bubble breakup. In the present study, we use this model, with no change in its free parameters, to simulate the flow in a Laval nozzle. In a critical nozzle flow, boiling occurs to proceed in a shock-type wave as well. It is shown that the formation of boiling shocks may cause autovibrations. The investigation of the shock structure shows that the fulfillment of two conditions is necessary for its realization: Weber number must reach its critical value and the flow velocity must be less than an equilibrium speed of sound. When the conditions cannot be simultaneously realized at a steady-state regime, the flow goes over into a self-oscillation mode.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".