Short- and long-term ground deformation due to cyclic steam stimulation in Alberta, Canada, measured with interferometric radar
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Short- and long-term ground deformation at the cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) enhanced oil recovery sites in the Cold Lake region of Alberta, Canada, was measured with RADARSAT-2 differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) during 2011–2016. The interferometric processing of 84 high-resolution spotlight images revealed extensive short-term ground uplift and subsidence greater than 15 cm over the 24-day satellite revisit cycle. Time-series analysis based on the multidimensional small baseline subset (MSBAS) methodology demonstrated that while the predominant deformation signal is cyclical in nature, a long-term subsidence and uplift with maximum deformation rates greater than 5 cm/year is also present. These measurements suggest that CSS injection and production operations result in the long-term semipermanent deformation in the area of reservoir operations, and that the response to injection and extraction can differ from the previous cycles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".