Public Social Expenditures and Economic Growth: Evidence from Selected OECD Countries
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is a longstanding debate on whether the government expenditures contribute to economic growth. The endogenous growth theories, in general, predict that effective public expenditures can lead to increases in economic growth trends of countries regardless of their development stages or income levels. Starting from this prediction, this study aims to investigate the effects of governments’ social expenditure proxies namely education, health and social spending on economic growth performances presented by the changes in the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Using the feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) estimators based on a balanced panel dataset covering 2002-2013 periods of 18 OECD countries, the study concludes that social expenditures in all three dimensions significantly contribute to the economic growth. Overall results underline that public expenditures can be productive as an investment in the case of selected OECD countries.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it