Determination of Enthalpy of Pyrolysis from DSC and Industrial Reactor Data: Case of Tires
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This study was motivated by the fact that differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)/differential thermal analysis (DTA) results in literature showed significant exothermic peaks while in overall, pyrolysis is an endothermic phenomenon. The specific heat of the decomposing tires has been determined with a new methodology: instead of assuming constant char properties throughout pyrolysis, the specific heat of evolving solids (char) was evaluated with increasing temperature and conversion. Measured specific heat values were observed to increase until pyrolysis was triggered at 250°C. Then, the specific heat of the solids decreased continuously until 400°C at which point they started to increase. This unexpected trend pointed out that the exothermic peak observed with DSC is an artefact generated by the control system of the apparatus. To overcome this limitation, the energy balance was performed over industrial data and the newly found heat capacity values. The enthalpy of pyrolysis was found to have a term dependent on the weight loss derivative, with a constant value of 410 kJ/kg tires. Two other terms for the enthalpy of pyrolysis have been identified, which were independent of weight loss. The first one is believed to correspond to the sulphur cross-link breakage at low temperature (65 kJ/kg), while the second one, at the final stage of pyrolysis, should correspond to charring reactions approaching the thermodynamic equilibrium (75 kJ/kg). Ultimately, this work proposes a new methodology to determine the enthalpy of pyrolysis with larger scale experimental data.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".