A CMOS 7–Gb/s power–efficient 4–PAM transmitter
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract—A novel power-efficient architecture for a multilevel pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) transmitter is proposed. A data-look-ahead technique is used to pre-switch the current sources so that drive current is reduced when transmitting small voltage levels. This technique also eliminates the need for a pre-driver block, which also saves transmitter power. Based on this architecture, a 4-PAM transmitter is designed in 0.18- m standard digital CMOS technology. The transmitter achieves 3.5 GS/s (7 Gb/s) with a 1.7-V supply and 5 GS/s (10 Gb/s) with a 2-V supply and it occupies an area of 0.16 mmP. The output driver and the entire transmitter consume only 11.25 and 66 mW at 7 Gb/s (20 and 121 mW at 10 Gb/s), respectively, which are the lowest reported powers at this speed. Index Terms—CMOS, driver, high speed, power efficient, 4-PAM. I.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".