Internal wave generation from tidal flow exiting a constricted opening
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The southern Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, often contains packets of large, near‐surface internal waves. Wave crests at the leading edge of the packet, spaced a few hundred meters apart, can have a longitudinal extent of more than 10 km. It has long been assumed that these waves are generated by tidal flow through narrow passages and channels at the Strait's southern boundaries, but no actual link has ever been made between these waves and a specific passage or generation mechanism. Here we identify the location and extent of a number of these large packets at specific times using mosaics of photogrammetrically rectified oblique air photos. Wave speeds are determined by analyzing a time sequence of images, with water column measurements used to subtract effects of tidal advection. The location and extent of these internal waves are then compared with the predicted location and extent of hypothetical waves generated in different passages, at different stages of the tide, which are then propagated through a predicted time‐varying barotropic flow field. It is found that the observed waves are most likely generated near or after the time of the peak flood tide, or peak inflow into the Strait. They are therefore inconsistent with generation mechanisms involving the release and upstream propagation of waves by the relaxation of an ebb tide. Instead they are probably associated with the nonlinear adjustment of conditions at the edge of an inflowing injection of relatively weakly stratified water.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".