An empirical method for predicting post-construction settlement of concrete face rockfill dams
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, employing a database of 19 concrete face rockfill dam (CFRD) cases, two prediction methods for post-construction settlement of CFRDs are presented. In the first method, post-construction settlements are estimated using height of the embankment. In the second method, characterization of the stress–strain behavior of the compacted rockfill layers during construction allows prediction of the subsequent stress–strain–time behavior of the embankment. Knowledge of rock particles strength is necessary in both methods. In the presented methods, settlements are estimated separately for each of the three life-cycle phases: before, during, and after impoundment. The presented results show that, in addition to addressing some limitations of previous methods, the proposed approach is precise and highly practical. It also allows a better understanding of rockfill deformation mechanisms. Apart from using this method for predictive purposes, the presented graphs can be used to distinguish unexpected settlement behavior of a CFRD during its post-construction lifespan.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".