Brainstem PrRP neurons mediate the post-prandial effects of cholecystokinin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) has a defined role in energy balance: endogenous PrRP is required for the regulation of food intake and adaptive thermogenesis (Dodd et al., 2014, Cell Metab 20: 639). A growing body of evidence suggests that PrRP neurons are essential in mediating satiety signaling, including in response to the gut-produced hormone, cholecystokinin (CCK; Bechtold & Luckman, 2006, Endocrinology 147: 4723). CCK has diverse roles in regulating post-prandial homeostasis: inducing satiety, decreasing gastric motility and restraining post-prandial glucose levels. Here, we propose that PrRP neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) are involved in multiple aspects of CCK signaling in the post-prandial phase in mice. Oral administration of lipid (which is a potent stimulus for CCK release) activates NTS PrRP neurons, as determined by induction of c-Fos protein. Notably, this effect is blocked by IP injection of the CCK1 receptor antagonist, lorglumide. Central administration of PrRP significantly delays gastric emptying and restrains plasma glucose levels following oral administration of glucose. Furthermore, selective activation of NTS PrRP neurons using stimulatory designer receptors (DREADDs) suppresses food intake in a similar manner to CCK. Complementary anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques reveal that NTS PrRP neurons project locally within the dorsal vagal complex, but also to the PVN in the hypothalamus. Thus, NTS PrRP neurons recapitulate multiple aspects of CCK signaling in the post-prandial phase and it is likely that this requires both local and hypothalamic projections.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".