Stability analysis of a deep buried elliptical tunnel in cohesive–frictional (<i>c–</i>ϕ) soils with a nonassociated flow rule
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The stabilities and associated collapse mechanisms of deep buried unlined elliptical tunnels in cohesive–frictional (c–[Formula: see text]) soils with the action of soil weight are investigated by the “upper-bound finite element method with rigid translatory moving elements” (UBFEM–RTME). The soil masses are assumed to obey the Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion and a nonassociated flow rule. Upper-bound stability coefficients (γcrD/c, where γcr is critical unit weight; D is tunnel height; c is cohesion) are deduced for different values of friction angles ([Formula: see text]), dilatancy coefficients (ψ/[Formula: see text], where ψ is dilation angle), and dimensionless spans (B/D, where B is span). The obtained collapse mechanisms do not extend to the ground surface and are primarily composed of a series of mutually movable rigid blocks. The γcrD/c values increase while the collapse zones decrease with an increasing [Formula: see text] and ψ/[Formula: see text] and a decreasing B/D.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".