Le rôle du kafīl (garant) dans la gouvernance locale selon les contrats d’affermage fiscal à Tripoli au XVIIe–XVIIIe siècle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article explores the legal institution of kafāla/kefalet (bondsmanship; surety) and its role in shaping local communal government in Syria in the Ottoman period. Drawing on the shar‘īya court registers of Tripoli (in addition to those of Sayda and Antioch as well as the Başbakanlık archives), it shows how iltizām tax-farming contracts in the 18th century increasingly required a pecuniary guarantee for their discharge to be posted by a third party, an act specific to Ḥanafī jurisprudence but not practised uniformly throughout the region. Whereas in some places the kafāla amounted to little more than a pledge of mutual accountability, or was imposed on a community against its will, it could also be used by foreign merchants or local notables to secure the rights to a given district’s commercial produce in advance. By “investing” in revenue collection concessions, the article concludes, both the southern Lebanese Shihābī emirs and the Maronite village population used the kafāla to acquire a direct financial and ultimately political stake in the rural hinterland of Tripoli, before dispensing once more with the idea of mutual or corporative responsibility once all of the province’s tax farms passed under complete Shihābī control in 1763. Cet article traite de l'institution juridique de kafāla / kefalet (cautionnement) et de son rôle dans la gouvernance communautaire locale en Syrie à l’époque ottomane. S'appuyant sur les registres de tribunal shar‘īya de Tripoli (en plus de ceux de Sayda et d'Antioche, ainsi que sur des documents d’archives Başbakanlık), il tâche à montrer comment les contrats de ferme fiscale iltizām du XVIIIe siècle exigèrent de plus en plus qu’une tierce personne se porte garant pour leur acquittement, un acte spécifique à l’école de jurisprudence ḥanafī mais pas appliqué de façon uniforme à travers la région. Alors que la kafāla ne constitua guère plus qu’une promesse de responsabilité collective dans certains cas, ou qu’elle fut imposée à une communauté particulière contre son gré dans d’autres, elle pouvait également servir à des marchands étrangers ou à des notables locaux pour s’assurer les droits sur la production agricole d’un certain district à l’avance. En « investissant » dans de contrats de perception d’impôt d’autrui, cet article propose en conclusion, les émirs Shihābī du Liban-Sud tout comme la population villageoise maronite ont pu utiliser la kafāla pour acquérir une participation financière directe ainsi qu’un droit de regard politique sur l’hinterland rural de Tripoli, avant d’abandonner de nouveau le principe de responsabilité mutuelle ou corporative une fois que toutes les fermes fiscales de la province furent passé sous le contrôle complet des Shihābī en 1763.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".